Brief History/Background:
The Renaissance
Renaissance artists concentrated on investigating and representing the real world. Artists continued to depict religious subjects but also began to portray the human experience. There was renewed interest in naturalistic styles and formal rules of composition such as perspective. The Greek classical ideals of ideal proportions (for depicting the human body as well as for architecture and painting) also regained popularity.
Important artists of the Italian Renaissance were Donatello, Piero, Raphael (above image, School of Athens), Titian, along with Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci. In northern Europe, important Renaissance artists were Albrect Dürer, Hans Holbein, and Pieter Brueghel.
Linear Perspective
Perspective is a technique for representing three-dimensional space on a flat surface. Many artists around the world have employed various techniques for portraying depth. However, it wasn't until the Renaissance that artists invented a mathematical system to show depth logically and consistently. The system of linear perspective gave artists a powerful new tool for creating realistic art.
Linear perspective is based on the way the human eye sees the world-objects which are closer appear larger, and more distant objects appear smaller. To create this illusion of space, the artist establishes a vanishing point on the horizon line. Objects are drawn using orthogonal lines, which lead to the vanishing point(s). In one-point perspective, the forms are seen face on and are drawn to a single vanishing point.
Interior Design
Interior design is the process of shaping the experience of interior space, through the manipulation of spatial volume as well as surface treatment. Not to be confused with interior decoration, interior design draws on aspects of environmental psychology, architecture, and product design in addition to traditional decoration. An interior designer is a person who is considered a professional in the field of interior design or one who designs interiors as part of their job. Interior design is a creative practice that analyzes programmatic information, establishes a conceptual direction, refines the design direction, and produces graphic communication and construction documents.
National Standards: Art materials and process (1); Aesthetics (2); Art History/Cultures (4); Criticism/Evaluation (5)
PA Standards: Measurement and Estimation (2.3); Geometry (2.9); Production, Performance and Exhibition of Dance, Music, Theatre and Visual Arts (9.1); Historical/Cultural Contexts (9.2); Aesthetic Response (9.4); Career Awareness and Planning (13.1)
Goal: Students will demonstrate knowledge of one-point perspective and composition to design a basic bedroom.
Objectives:
- Students will compare/contrast depth in master paintings and look at photographs of interiors by famous architects for use of composition and use of space.
- Students will use a ruler to create a one-point perspective drawing of a bedroom.
- Students will critique the finished bedrooms and discuss if their drawings were successful/unsuccessful using one-point perspective and composition.
Requirements: Students will draw and color a bedroom using one-point perspective.
Resource Materials/Visual Aids:
Leonardo Da Vinci – The Last Supper (1495)
Onchi Koshiro – White Walls (Scene in Suchuo) (1940)
Katsura Yuki – Work (1940)
Alberto Giacometti – Interior with a Bowl of Fruit (1953)
Yamaguchi Takeo – Work (Form) (1954)
Ishii Shigeo – State of Siege (1957)
Frank Gehry
Frank Lloyd Wright
Example of a finished “Bedroom Basics” project
Supplies/Materials: 2B Pencil, kneaded eraser, 12x18 white drawing paper, ruler, black Sharpie marker, colored pencils, artist tape
Teacher Preparation:
1. Research and find examples of paintings, which appear flat and have depth. Create handouts (i.e. vocabulary list) based on research.
2. Decide what the students should include in their bedroom and provide constraints.
3. Create exemplar of finished product to show students.
Teaching:
Introduction – Review one-point perspective. Compare/contrast several works of art, both demonstrating and opposing one-point perspective. Students will also look at photographs of interior spaces (Gehry, Wright). Have students experience an interior within the school that demonstrates one-point perspective.
Directions:
******Please keep your pencil lines light unless otherwise instructed to do so!
1. Place drawing paper horizontally. Use artist tape to secure paper to the table.
2. Using a ruler, draw a 1.5 x 3 inch rectangle anywhere on the paper, BUT do not place your rectangle too close to the edge. Stay about 3 inches away from the edge of your paper.
3. Place your ruler at a diagonal from corner-to-corner of your rectangle. Draw a diagonal line going through all four corners of your rectangle and outside the rectangle to the end of your paper. Do not draw any lines to the corners of your paper. Focus on the corners of the small rectangle. Your diagonal lines should make a big “X”.
4. From the corner of your rectangle to the edge of the paper, emphasize your diagonal by making it slightly darker, but not so dark that it can’t be erased. These lines will represent where your ceiling and floor meet the walls. Do not darken the diagonals inside the rectangle.
5. Place a dot where the two diagonal lines meet inside the rectangle. This will be the vanishing point. Use a ruler to draw a horizontal line through the vanishing point and across the paper. This will be the horizon line.
6. Use a ruler to draw about 20 convergence (or orthogonal) lines, starting at the vanishing point and fanning out to the edge of the paper. Try not to draw more than 20 convergence lines or there will be more for you to erase later!
7. Begin to decorate your bedroom with the following items: one bed, one window, 3 square/rectangular pictures on the walls (one blank, one with vertical lines and one with horizontal lines), 2 area rugs (add stripes to one), 2 dressers with drawers (one vertical, one horizontal) .Be sure to include all items and only these items to your design. Use your convergent lines to help you place the items at the correct one-point perspective in space keeping composition in mind at all times.
8. Using a black Sharpie marker, outline all the listed items in the bedroom. Trace the diagonals from the corner of your very first rectangle to the edge of the paper. Remember, these are the lines that define your ceiling, walls and floor. Do not trace any lines inside your rectangle UNLESS you have placed a picture on the back wall of your room.
9. Carefully and gently, use a kneaded eraser to eliminate all pencil lines and marks. If necessary, use more tape to secure your paper to the table. Take your time or your paper will tear.
10. Add color to the bedroom with colored pencils. First, color the background and then to the objects. Color hints: Using warm, intense colors will make objects pop. Using cool, less intense colors will make objects recede. Coloring in the direction of your convergent lines can also produce an added effect of depth!
Closure – Students will return supplies to their proper storage area and prepare for critique/discussion.
Critique/Evaluation/Assessment:
Critique and discuss whether the final bedroom designs were successful/unsuccessful. Compare student work to that of the major artist works that were reviewed at the start of class.
Evaluate student’s success and understanding of one-point perspective by reviewing their drawings and seeing how they have applied their knowledge of one-point perspective when in their bedroom design. Let students evaluate themselves with a checklist.
Assess student comprehension of one-point perspective by the success/failure of their bedroom designs.
Extensions: Students who finish early can begin researching two-point perspective by looking through the Frank Lloyd Wright and Frank Gehry books and finding buildings, which are seen from an angle. Students will also have the opportunity to draw from a still life of square boxes placed at angles.
Time Budget:
Introduction and Motivation – 10 mins.
Class Demonstration/Participation – 20-30 minutes or more.
Perfect Bedroom activity – (3) 45-minute sessions
Vocabulary: composition, interior, Renaissance
Safety Concerns: Remind students to keep rulers on the table at all times.
Bibliography/References:
www.sanford-artedventures.com
Maddex, Diane. Frank Lloyd Wright, Inside and Out
Miller, Jason. Frank Gehry
The Milton D. Ratner Family Collection. Alberto Giacometti
The Royal Library at Windsor Castle. Leonardo: Studies for the Last Supper
Schaarschmide-Richter, Irmtraud (edited). Japanese Modern Art: Painting from 1910-1970
Whately, Alice. Contemporary Eastern
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